Dr. Ahmed Hafez

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the most complex neurological complications of cirrhosis, traditionally attributed to impaired hepatic ammonia detoxification and consequent neurotoxicity. However, contemporary evidence increasingly supports a multidimensional…

Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) has emerged as a clinically important metabolic emergency in the era of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Characterized by significant ketosis and metabolic acidosis despite absent…

Precision electrophysiology is emerging as a multidisciplinary paradigm that seeks to transform cardiac arrhythmia treatment from anatomy-based ablation toward individualized, data-driven intervention. The integration of high-density electroanatomical mapping, multimodality cardiac…

Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) has emerged as a transformative energy modality in cardiac electrophysiology, introducing irreversible electroporation as an alternative to conventional thermal tissue destruction. By delivering ultrashort, high-voltage electrical pulses,…

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has transformed the treatment of severe aortic stenosis, but successful valve implantation does not necessarily translate into complete cardiac recovery. Relief of left ventricular pressure…

Heart failure is increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous clinical syndrome in which conventional left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) provides only a partial representation of myocardial performance. Patients may develop substantial…

Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction are uncommon in the contemporary reperfusion era but remain among the most catastrophic cardiovascular emergencies. Papillary muscle rupture, post-infarction ventricular septal rupture, and left…

End-stage heart failure in congenital heart disease represents one of the most complex challenges in contemporary congenital cardiac surgery and advanced heart failure medicine. Unlike conventional heart failure, congenital heart…