Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: From Ammonia Neurotoxicity to the Gut–Liver–Brain Axis, Precision Diagnosis, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies
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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the most complex neurological complications of cirrhosis, traditionally attributed to impaired hepatic ammonia detoxification and consequent neurotoxicity. However, contemporary evidence increasingly supports a…
Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Era of SGLT2 Inhibitors: Diagnostic Pitfalls, Pathophysiology, Clinical Management, and Strategies for Prevention
Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) has emerged as a clinically important metabolic emergency in the era of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Characterized by significant ketosis and metabolic acidosis despite absent or only modest…